Crude and intentionally “deskilled,” Jean Dubuffet’s paintings are loaded with political significance. The artist lived through two world wars—when foundations were shaking—so it’s no coincidence that his work delves into themes relating to the earth and materiality. Now, over 30 years since Dubuffet’s death in 1985, “A Barbarian in Europe” looks at 200 Dubuffets through a historical and anthropological lens. —E.C.