Many forget how Marc Chagall, born Moishe Shagall in 1887, was affected by the rise of National Socialism in Europe. He was a Jew, and in Germany the Nazis labeled him a “degenerate artist” and torched his works. In response to the political situation and Europe’s growing anti-Semitism, Chagall’s paintings showed increasing consternation and a darkening palette. In 1941, he and his wife escaped occupied France and immigrated to the United States. In a rare exhibition, 100 of Chagall’s lesser-known apocalyptic works from the 1930s and 40s are on view. —E.C.